Brief Summary of the History of Art I
1. BASICS:
- ART: the act by which, using the subject or visible, imitate or express the man or the invisible material, and created by copying or daydreaming. Broadly, we can call all creaciónu Art work that expresses what the man wants to externalize, obeying their own standards of beauty and aesthetics. The artist to create, requires first and foremost be endowed with imagination, through which responds to the vast and varied outside world to express their feelings through words, shapes, colors and sounds.
- ARCHITECTURE: In an ordinary sense, architecture is the art of building, according to a program and using various means that are available in every epoch as & # 237; can be defined as the art of designing and building structures. It has a solid scientific basis and reflects a complex technique for this reason it is said that only art when construction is expressive of the spiritual will of an epoch and the architectural expression is the result of all constitutive elements that are derived primarily from the relationships that are filed with space that makes up the work and the space that surrounds it. From there it should be noted that architecture is the art of shaping space, transforming it. In its most accomplished demonstrations, Architecture manages to unite the beauty and utility, to such an extent that depends on the other, because a work is not beautiful if not adapted to the purpose for which it was intended.
- SCULPTURE: Sculpture is the art expressive ways to create real three-dimensional, are volumes, when used dense materials, are objects that dominates the space, just defined or indicated by lines that run through, when using materials that can be reduced to threads , tape, rope, etc. or transparent materials. The first form is traditional, the second shows the character that has the cutting edge sculpture, but both claim the three-dimensionality. The traditional sculptor creates volumetric modeling forms a substance with certain plasticity, such as wax and wet clay, or carving hard materials like stone, granite, wood, ivory, or by making molds that let you play in relief as those represented in recess. The modern sculptor spatial forms created using pieces of cast iron, metal wires, steel strips, wood strands, strings of plastic violíny varied.
- PAINTING: Arts surface which represents any real or imaginary object through drawing and color. The oldest evidence of human art are drawings and paintings that the ancient inhabitants of the planet left in prehistoric caves, the paintings were called Cave. From the technical point of view the painting is said to be al fresco when applied to walls and ceiling using colors dissolved in water and lime oil when it was made with drying oil diluted in colors, usually on a canvas. The pastel pencils are made with soft and doughy, the colors used transparent watercolor diluted in water to wash procedure is called the colors used thick, tempered with gum water and honey, painting Tempera is prepared with glutinous liquid hot and it is used among other products, the tail water. In the so-called porcelain hardened mineral colors are used and joined by fire.
- VISUAL ARTS: In a sense More generally, are those associated with printing picture, which is expressed through graphics and images and covers all the arts that represent on a flat surface. Visual Arts whose function is to communicate what the artist wants to express by means of a visual language, serving both the compositional elements and the principles of composition, so that the work itself is pleasant and good taste for the beholder.
2. ORIGIN OF THE DRAWING
From prehistoric man tried to play in walls of the caves the shapes of animals that had been observed, making their movements represent the mass and shape of bodies, thus was born the art which is one of the first man charged by , which has always sought to represent the objects and their eyes were seeing. The man over time leaves its mark by translating the impression it conveys a playing object shape, Sizeand quantity or by a stroke, as in Egyptian art , Greek and Japanese, suggesting good on the whole aspect highlighted by the play of shadows and light, the latter mode of expression is already visible in the frescoes of Pompeii and the Italian Renaissance artists like Leonardo De Vinci. Overall, this art has been developed based on the conditions of existence of every age, every culture and progress and knowledge about instruments and tea techniques used by artists.
3. ARTISTIC DESIGN CONCEPT
is the representation of an object by lines that limit their shapes and contours. It is an abstraction of our mind that allows you to set the appearance of form, since the human eye sees only colored masses of varying light intensity. The drawing is the art of graph on a flat two dimensional objects, usually have three. We should also note that the drawing is the basis of all artistic creation and is an arbitrary and conventional to express the shape of an object on the line, a line and shadows and light. What characterizes the design is the limitation of the ways lines, that sets it apart from painting, in which the structure of the planes is achieved by colored masses. The drawing is a pictorial element abstracted from the complex, which by virtue of its expressive power, becomes an independent art
4. USED \u200b\u200bINSTRUMENTS AND COMPUTERS
drawing techniques are diverse and have changed over time, in general, the instruments used are pen, pen (ink, or sepia) charcoal, pastel, oil, etc. Prehistoric man adorned the walls of caves or certain figures in ivory, bone, reindeer or soapstone to using chisels and scrapers silica nails, pins, etc. The paintings were originally the finger, then going to perform them using brushes of feathers or splintered wood. The colors consisted of blacks, reds, yellows and browns, obtained by spraying red clay, bits of red and yellow ocher mixed with fat or vegetable juices. Egyptian painters paint covering the surface (wood, stone), with a layer of stucco, then had the picture in red, then trace the outline of the figure with black, this preparation & # 243, n allowed the contact of the oxides of the pigments with the support, operate a chemical reaction, resulting in the fixing of the pigments. The Romans used the technique of the fresco on the walls, the temple (in pictures) and encaustic portraits. In the art of the Middle Ages include mosaics, many of them made with glazed glass, cut into small pieces, on a golden background. Until the fifteenth century, large paintings still ran the temple, that is, pigments and mixed with a binder, the most common agent n was the egg yolk, thinned with water to where it was necessary, be painted on white plaster, previously applied in a thin layer to the board or canvas. The cool, is a similar method was applied to paint the interior walls and walls, was widely used. The painting techniques used by the Baroque painters were in tempera and oil in different dimensions or planes. The subtle gradations of light and shadow in The Virgin of the Rocks, Leonardo, or Woman bathing in a stream, Rembrandt, had not been ma s with the oil, the colored pigments mixed with oil and diluted to give them the suitable consistency, with a mixture of linseed oil and turpentine. The Flemish painters such as Van Eyck, used the transparent method, which consisted of applying paint in thin layers on a white background, the work was painted in sections and after each one, allowed to dry excess oil.
5. ART IN THE HISTORY
- Prehistory Paleolithic era
pictorial manifestations of this age are called paintings. These paintings have been located in various regions of the world, usually in walls of caves and caverns, reaching large. Rock painting responds to the expression of a hunting culture, is credited with a magical - religious because it is presumed were performed as rituals to ensure good hunting . The figures were painted animals, these early events in the beginning were plastic lines laid his fingers on the soft parts of the walls of the cave, then intervenes color, mostly red and black. This first phase of rock art has been called Aurignacian, at this stage the figures are made with rough strokes, the animals performed profile and the figures are isolated. Then, a second phase, the Solutrean, where there are certain molded shapes, involving the color and appear parallel profiles, later, a third phase called Magdalenian, there are scenes of hunting, fighting, etc. and there is an association of the human figure to the animal in the representations, there is wide use of chiaroscuro policromíay as an expressive element. Towards the end of the Paleolithic, the essential feature of the paintings is the outlining of forms, thus gaining more movement and dynamism.
PAINTING: The earliest manifestations paintings from the Paleolithic era or Stone carving, this is called Paint Rock. These paintings have been located in various regions of the world, usually on the walls of caves and caverns, reaching large. Respond to the expression of a hunting culture, is credited with a magical-religious because it is presumed were performed as rituals to ensure good hunting. The figures were painted animals, these early events in the beginning were plastic lines drawn with the fingers on the soft parts of the walls of the cave, then intervenes color, mostly red and black. Towards the end of the Paleolithic, the essential feature of the cave painting is the outlining of forms, thus gaining more movement and dynamism.
SCULPTURE: The date the first Aurignacian sculptures of human form. They are female figures, bone, ivory or stone, small size, related to the fertility cult. They are known by the generic name of Venus. Among the best known are the Venus of Willendorf, Lespugue, Savignano and Grimaldi.
ARCHITECTURE: In the Neolithic or Stone Age polished, painting and sculpture become less important and instead takes place at the end of the period architecture of large stones called Megalithic architecture, formed by huge blocks of stone, these monuments are of several types: Menhir, Trilite, and Cromlech Dolmen.
- EGYPTIAN ART
Egyptian painting has an innate artistic sensibility, turns out to be an excellent way to convey a wrong impression, creating an atmosphere charged with religious, it shows the purity line, harmony of form, compositional balance and a wide range of colors that make it attractive, magical, natural and contemplative. With regard to the representation of the human figure, this is characterized by the following features: Torsion Law Front: head, arms and legs in profile, shoulders, eyes, belly and feet of frontage. It emphasizes the silhouette of the figure. It retailer. Use secure and firm strokes. Overlapping figures and colorful, making different types of harmonies. Representation of scenes from real life. Swash in attention she is used in the walls of temples, tombs and palaces.
ARCHITECTURE: One of the great creations of Egyptian genius is the architecture, art, monuments they left amazed by its grandeur, beauty and the skill of the engineers who built it. Among his works are funerary monuments: Master, hypogea and Pyramids, and the Monuments of Worship: Speos and Temples.
PAINTING: The Egyptian painting has an innate artistic sensibility, it's a good way to convey a wrong impression, creating an atmosphere charged with religious, it shows the purity of line harmony of form, compositional balance and a wide range of colors that make it attractive, magical, natural and contemplative. The representation of the human figure is characterized by the following features: Law Torque Front: head, arms and legs in profile, shoulders, eyes, belly and feet of frontage. It emphasizes the silhouette of the figure. It retailer. Stroke uses safe and secure. Overlapping figures and colorful, making different types of harmonies. Representation of scenes from real life. Swash in attention she is used on the walls of temples, tombs and palaces.
SCULPTURE: Throughout its history, Egyptian sculpture went through various stages in each, for political and religious reasons changed direction, from naturalist inspiration idealized construction of the figure. Include: the Sheikh-el-beled, the Scribe Sitting, Rahotep and Nefret, the head of Nefertiti, the Colossi of Memmóny the Great Sphinx of Giza, among many others.
- GREEK ART
flourished between the seventh and II BC in Greece and other Mediterranean regions inhabited by Greeks. It is characterized by its aesthetic idealism, proportionality, balance of elements and reflect his interest in genuine expression in the human figure, hence, developed great perfection in the drawing. Athletics, so cultivated by these people, the artists gave their best models. The simplicity, rhythm, clarity and unity dominates all art forms, so the Greeks achieved their greatest achievements in ceramics, sculpture and architecture.
Greek art begins about the V and IV. It was characterized by giving their work a greater sense proportionality, to express armoníay balance of elements and to reflect a genuine expression of humanism. Greece is a small peninsula on the southeastern Europe. But in this small country were the first ideas that shaped Western culture, so that our knowledge and ways of thinking are a consequence of the philosophy, science and Greek Art.
ARCHITECTURE: In Greek architecture was not used or the arch or vault. Supportive element of his monumental works were the columns. The construction system used was the lintel. Stand in hierarchical order, the temples as leading exponents, then, the theaters, the Acropolis, the Propylaea, stadiums, gyms and arenas, the agora and the funerary monuments . The different types and shapes of columns gave rise to the famous Greek architectural orders: Doric, Ionian and Corinthian.
MATERIALS USED: The Greeks used marble preferentially, which is carefully polished, also used the stone.
SCULPTURE: The Greek sculpture is not subject either to rules or conventions. The sculptor has freedom of expression, however, she seeks and manages all human perfection, so it is a sculpture dedicated to the exaltation of physical strength, the perfection of traits, movement and expression of divinity. Its central theme revolves around the human figure. Greek sculpture goes for 3 times or periods of evolutionary stages, with its own characteristics in each. These are: - Archaic: We characterized as a time where sculptors seeking an and a technique themselves. It appears the female and male, these figures were early hieratic type, no motion, but then came ideas of movement, the arms come off the body and face expressed a curious smile. The sculptures were made as offerings to the athletes. Are from this period: The Kouros of Anavyssos (athlete), the Lady of Auxirre or Xoana (maiden dressed), the head of the knight Rampi, etc.
- Classical: This time period marked the peak in all artistic and literary. The sculptors achieve the perfection of their techniques, and the best pieces of sculpture, where we observe the magnificence of the human figure. This time is 2 periods: the Sublime style, which stand as sculptors Myron, Phidias and Polyclitus, Bello and style, highlighting Scopas, Praxiteles and Lisipo, both styles have their own characteristics.
- Helena: this time corresponds to the end of Greek art, works of this time making the previous models, perfecting, showing a great capacity for realization n, the figure of the child enters theme. The sculpture takes monumental character, overlooking the picturesque, the grotesque, the episodic, etc. The portrait becomes the foreground. During this period different schools arise, among the most important: the School of Pergamon, Rhodes and Alexandria.
PAINTING: Very little is known of the Greek painters, however, if the mastery of knowledge is manifest in the amazing effects of realism CHARITY an produced by descriptions of some paintings. But his work has lost almost all, and what's left are copies and fragments do not give a clear idea of \u200b\u200bwhat it was that painting. Are: Polygnotus, Apollodorus of Athens, Agatarco of Samos, Zeuxis, and Apelles Parrasio.
POTTERY: This is in the minor arts the best and most varied expression as a decoration and painting is concerned. This variety gives a very complete development of its culture. With a style and techniques, is characterized by varied and original ways, dominated the geometric elements arranged in stripes, in shades of clay, from yellow to gray brown, presents Figures in red on black or red background and black figures, animal and human forms predominate.
- ARTE ROMANO
It follows from the Etruscan and Greek influence reached its peak in the Empire. Developed in Italy from 200 BC until the fourth century BC, some consider it inferior to Greek art, but in reality was more varied, more flexible and in some respects is closer to modern art and its influence on the art of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance was remarkable. Presents his greatest achievements in the development of architecture, which is why drawing and painting was made at this service, dominating the wall. The subjects were military affairs, erotic, heroic legends, landscapes, seascapes, still life and portraiture. From the first century, there are two pictorial trends or styles: Neo-Attic style, which is concerned with the human form, highlighting the issues and style epic mitologíay Heleni ; stico - Alexandria, who shows concern for rural painting, cultivated landscape and marine. At the start of the second century to 79 of our time (painting in Pompeii), there are four styles of inlay Alexandrian or architectural, ornamental and fantasy.
Rome was a village of farmers, traders, warriors. The Romans showed more interest in things artistic practices and always wear a label utilitarian. Dominating people, founder of a vast empire, the Roman main concern was to maintain dominance over the colonized territories, for which mobilized powerful armies, gave birth to a dense body of law tightened the ties between the metropolis and the provinces, and developed a huge work constructively with a diverse repertoire of architectural forms perfectly adapted to its purpose. His two great achievements were the law and architecture, but its chief merit is to have extended over a vast Greco-Roman civilization of the known world.
ARCHITECTURE: Its purpose is utilitarian, is conceived in terms of the private and public. Expresses the will to power and control of the Roman state, which stands as president of the private and public life of their citizens. It is monumental, made thinking about the glorification of Rome and to stand the test of time and weight. More that beauty looks for the majesty and ruggedness, as shown in heavy solid masses. Expresses the ideal of uniformity of the Empire, which aims to all peoples under its rule the material to assume a face image of the City. Alternates between two known systems: the column and lintel (copied from the Greeks), and the arch and vault (taken from the Etruscans). Its main attractions were: the temple, the basilica, the baths, theaters, amphitheaters, circuses, etc.
SCULPTURE: Moves between the opposite poles of idealism and realism and almost central theme is the portrait. In the beginning, the Etruscan influence is present in some bronzes, then Greek influence through the Hellenistic sculptors living in Rome or the Magna Grecia, and discovered the works on Greek soil and taken to Rome, drives the current idealistic. The clash of these two tendencies can be seen in works of the republican period.
HIGHLIGHTS: Created a utility target is met in its narrative function, honorary or descriptive. More than an art is a craft subject to religious requirements or honorary memorial. Portrait preferably grown at its highest identification with the model. It is a naturalistic art. It is an anonymous work.
PAINTING: We know through the frescoes found in the city of Pompeii, which are usually copies or whims Greek decorative grace picaresque as cupids, birds, ribbons, flowers, etc. . The subjects are historical, mythological landscapes and sailors. Also at certain times it was an architectural paint, which mimics the construction elements. The interesting thing of Roman painting is the technique of spot colors in tempera, applied with loose brush strokes, without details, in impressionist and gimmicky way of shadow and light touches. Also in the realistic painting dominates the taste so the favorite subjects are portraits, caricatures and landscape.
- Romanesque art
Among the XI and XIII centuries, ie during the period known as late Middle Ages in Europe is an art form that is given Romanesque name. This name refers to the source where it has its origin, which is the art of Rome, Roman art, which takes building types and techniques constructive. This style or Romanesque art has been called because of the similarity to the word romance, which designates the languages \u200b\u200bderived from Latin.
ARCHITECTURE: A religious architecture, monastic building, because they are the monasteries and convents that drive it. His style building is the Church. Expresses the ideal of austerity and devotion, discipline and penance. From the technical point of view, belongs to the arch and dome architecture, because these are their basic functional elements. It looks sturdy and heavy. The principle of lift is static, it faces mass against weight. Exterior features a sober, bare walls and plain, interrupted by nothing more than reinforcing elements, which are embodied in the structure. Other building elements: buttress, columns, pillars, domes.
SCULPTURE: It is subordinate to architecture, which determines the places and spaces to be covered with reliefs and statues. Its purpose is not didactic but artistic: to make known to the faithful the truths and sacred figures for religious instruction. Estilizacióny disproportion: the figures do not keep the natural proportions. It also lacks the proper perspective or the list of sizes that is due to the different depths to which are the figures. In the reliefs, the difference in size means the importance of character. Symmetrical composition: the scenes are made, keeping a symmetrical relationship. In the eardrums, the composition has always revolve around the figure of Christ.
PAINTING: Roman painting is a remarkable development, since the vast expanses of flat wall were appropriate to the paintings, which is why also the painting was an art subordinate to construction. The lack of perspective, flat colors, symmetrical composition, the rigidity of the figures and the blankness of the faces, which always show her astonished look, try a definite Eastern influence through s the art of Byzantium. The technique used is that of Fresco, notable examples are the Catalan Romanesque churches of lucent colors and abstract patterns of symbolic meaning, and Italian churches, where he painted religious scenes and show some efforts to copy nature faithfully.
- MEDIEVAL TIMES
The Art of the Middle Ages is essentially religious, although it has produced masterpieces of profanity, the medieval era can be divided into four, and it was a long period in which there were different styles of art, the first was called Paleo-Christian, whose painting began in the catacombs, is full of symbolism and include: the completion of the very famous mosaics , which were very colorful and the songs were liturgical figures of Christ, apostles, the cross stitch. Then, Byzantine art was born at the time of Constantine; as to drawing and painting, acquired characteristics, excellent performing artists mosaic centered on the representation of biblical events in which it is observed that the figures represented have a fairly pronounced hieratic they are always placed in front. The Romanesque, named for its similarity to the word "romance" which refers to the languages \u200b\u200bderived from Latin, was commissioned to decorate the interior of many basi Licas and churches. During this period, apses and vaults painted on stylized, full of incessant movement and color, the Romanesque painting painting techniques used to cool the temper, the subjects tended to be figures of angels holy apostles, sheep, etc., also made painting on wood (front) and many pictures of bibles and gospels. Finally, there is the art and Gothic style, together with three notorious events of the Middle Ages: the formation of the bourgeois class, business development and industrialization & # 243, n. Gothic art was expressive and realistic, stating naturalism in his compositions. The landscape mode is entered as painting and drawings in the figures are stylized and poorly modeled. This painting almost disappeared completely from the cathedral, since the large windows fill the spaces and so is reduced to miniature books, rugs and retablos.
- GOTHIC ART
Between the XII and XV, art flourishes in Europe a powerfully original, which was called, somewhat dismissively Gothic, meaning barbarian , on the assumption that its creators were Germanic peoples who occupied the center of Europe, which are designated with the name of Goths. This art is also known as Ojival, pointed the way (on shoulder) of the arches and vaults, reminiscent of a spearhead of curved edges. Early Gothic structures were built near Paris, in the region called Ile de France. We are building in the year 1140 the choir of the Abbey of Saint Denis, and in 1163, marks the beginning of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Paree s, works that highlights the elements of style. From France came to all other European countries, each one of which adopted local variants, but keeping its essential features. PHASES OF GOTHIC - lanceolate (XVII and XVIII)
Sturdy, heavy and simple. Vault four panels of leading edge profile.
- RADIANT (XVIII and XIV)
Slim, lightweight, highly decorated with sculptures, domes of several panels and shapes. - FLAMING Flaming O (XV century) Arcos with waves of flame. Very thin columns. High-rise buildings and towers. Tight sculptural decoration. Using and ogee arch the star-shaped dome.
ARCHITECTURE: Gothic art is beautifully expressed in the architecture, built houses, palaces, public buildings, castles, bridges, forts and churches. But in fact the greatest work of these centuries was the cathedral, unique architecture that never ceases to amaze the beholder. The essential building blocks are the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and buttress its outrigger. This architecture is dynamic equilibrium and it dominates the vertical line which gives an impression of upward momentum, highlighted by the acute forms of the arches and the abundance of elements pointed.
SCULPTURE: The characteristics of the sculpture can be seen in the saints, virgins, angels, kings, prophets and allegorical figures that fill the interior and outside of the building, making closing in pinnacles, covering the friezes and the archivolts eardrums and every possible space. To give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe sculptural decoration, enough to know that the sculptural decoration the cathedral of Chartres has more than eight thousand figures. They stand out as sculptors Giovanni Pisano, Nicola Pisano, Andrea Pisano, Klaus Sluter, Gil of Siloam and William Torell.
PAINTING: In countries where the Gothic style becomes more developed, the mural was declining in importance, replaced by the windows, and from the fourteenth century painting appears table, consisting of small portable altars and altarpieces, consisting of one or more panels. Religious topics, with very fine details on the human figure, but without depth. The artists strive for naturalness and reproduce gestures accurately, a little exaggerated drama. The most beautiful of these is the colorful Gothic panels, which glaze shines brightly. Among them: Jean Fouquet, John Van Eyck, Roger Van Der Weyden, Giotto, among others.
- BYZANTINE ART
Byzantium, a Greek town had been head of a Roman province rises suddenly (year 330), by decision Constantine the Great, to the rank of imperial capital under the name of Constantinople. Half a century later, Emperor Theodosius divides his kingdom between his two sons, and creates two independent States: the Western Empire, with Rome as its capital and the Eastern Empire, centered in Byzantium. The fall of the Western Empire (year 476) check on the spiritual heritage of Byzantium, Rome and increases its importance as a political and artistic power, which will its peak with the glorious Justiniano. But the location of Byzantium, at the gates of Asia, its remoteness from Latin sources and close and continuous contact with the kingdoms of the Orient, her influence so that if one part , holds the title of a daughter and a continuation of classical culture, the other, Byzantium offers the features of an alien monarchy, theocratic and despotic and barbaric lavish, whose habits, tastes and structures belong ma , s the world that the Greco-Roman Asia, which is reflected in his art.
ARCHITECTURE: It is inspired by the architecture of the countries with which Byzantium was more in contact or were part of the same historical tradition and cultural. So in the buildings we find elements from the Romans, Greeks, from Syria or Persia, combined with others of their own invention. Among the most important are: the dome, tubes and scallops, the vault, the arch, the abutments, columns and towers. The most important building of Byzantine architecture is the Church.
PAINTING: It has two interesting patterns: the mural, for the interior decoration of the temple, and the trestle, which produces small pieces of wooden boards, called Icons, that is, images. The first was painted in oil or tempera, and they were great compositions on religious themes, a symbolic nature that appealed greatly to the abstract mindset East. In large spaces formed by vaults and domes allegorical scenes were represented in entering the Virgin or Christ: The Resurrection, Judgement, Glory, etc. .
MOSAICS: It is not possible to speak of Byzantine mural art without referring to one of its most beautiful creations: the mosaic. Composition consisted of large scenes, usually religious, but not painted but made of small pieces of ceramic or marble color (called tesserae), which were sticking to a properly prepared base, on which he had made the previous drawing figures who wanted to represent. The great diversity of colors and shades of these tiles allowed to give the figures for all purposes of painting, in regard to colors, shades, shapes, etc.
SCULPTURE: In the early days of the Byzantine sculpture is an extension of Hellenistic art to produce portraits of great stamina. But after the revolution of the iconoclasts, which ended with all the religious images of bulk and banned the worship of them, the sculpture lost importance and was reduced to the minor arts of ivory, enamel, bronze and gold, materials in which the bas-relief work with great skill , a.
- RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance began as a movement guided by artists and intellectuals in Italy, under the banner of humanism, is a revival of the arts where the issues represented, from the point of view and ; tico and aesthetics were freed from the bonds of Christian life concept. For them art was not an anonymous service, offered to God and a la iglesia, sino un himno personal en alabanza a la belleza; así, se perfecciona el dibujo y se utiliza como base de la pintura. La cuna del Renacimiento fue Florencia. Naturalmente la pintura no se liberó en seguida de la influencia gótica, pero gradualmente evolucionó hacia un nuevo concepto de la belleza. En el dibujo, los cuerpos adoptan formas naturales y se vuelven plásticos; se procura destacar la expresión facial, que algunas veces revela los grandes conflictos del alma, un ejemplo de ello es la expresión de desesperación que Masaccio le dio a Eva en su cuadro Expulsión de Adán y Eva del paraíso. In the fifteenth century dominance takes the picture, to portray wealthy people like to bust or medallion, and thus arises a multitude of people whose features are carved in wood. Rarely seen a naked among the profusion of virgins and saints, only with extreme discretion is eating its worldly sensuality in certain representations of ecclesiastical art ; stico, for example, those dealing with martyrs and sinners. At first, most of the images related to the sinful flesh were at the periphery of large decorative scenes, where the artist had more libertad de expresión; ya en el siglo XIV, se prefiere interpretar estos temas por medio del desnudo femenino. Entre los representantes más significativos del Renacimiento, podemos destacar por sus majestuosas obras pictóricas a Sandro Botticeli, Miguel Ángel Buonarroti, Durero, Tintoretto, El Greco, Leonardo de Vinci y Rafael Sanzio; de ellos, algunos como Leonardo de Vinci, por ejemplo, destacó más como dibujante, ya que a través del dibujo realiza sus famosos estudios anatómicos; sus dibujos están plenos de rasgos finos pero firmes, destacando las expresiones humanas y también se puede apreciar who are involved in a subtle and fine halo of diffused light.
Renaissance is called the great artistic and philosophical movement that occurs in Europe, in Italy first, to the late fifteenth century, which shows the main feature, which manifests particularly in the arts, his admiration for classical antiquity, takes as its model. Renaissance's name refers to what the movement wanted to be: a renaissance or rebirth of Greco-Roman culture. Began as a movement guided by artists and intellectuals in Italy, under the banner of humanism, is a revival of the arts where the issues represented, from the point of view of ethics and aesthetics were freed from the bonds of Christian life concept. For them art was not an anonymous service, offered to God and the church, but a personal anthem in praise of the beauty. was the cradle of Renaissance Florence. Of course the painting is not released immediately from the Gothic influence, but gradually evolved into a new concept of beauty. Greco-Roman culture had been displaced during the Middle Ages. At this time the novelty is the Gothic and Byzantine art, but in Rome, the new artistic concepts, framed in the religious ceremony has no peak due to the fears of Eastern humanist scholars who migrate to this city after the fall of Constantinople, so as to be rejected style Gothic and Byzantine, and placed in the foreground the old Greco-Roman forms, there is the art of the Renaissance, which spreads across Europe (France, Britain, Germany and the Iberian Peninsula rich, especially).
MAIN CAUSES OF THE RENAISSANCE - Conservation in universities and convents valuable medieval manuscripts Greek and Roman authors.
- Use of Latin as a learned language, which made it possible to read the classics.
- The presence on Italian soil Roman ruins that had to wake up in the curious desire to know the civilization that built these monuments.
- The invention of printing, which helped to disseminate the writings of poets, philosophers and sages of ancient and modern. - The geographical discoveries, the advance of natural science and technical progress of that inspire unlimited confidence in the power of human intelligence and stimulate action.
RENAISSANCE ART FEATURES
- Imitation of architecture and sculpture of Greece and Rome. - Making a beauty ideal, adjusted for royalties dictated by reason. 
- Search serenity and balance that comes from the harmony of the whole. - Creating works, whose clarity and perfection, attributes required by the universal reason, give them a permanent validity.
Renaissance stage - pre-Renaissance O Trecento: XIII and XIV centuries. Coincides with the European Gothic.
- Quattrocento: up to the end of the fifteenth century and the city's cultural center.
- CINQUECENTO: fills the sixteenth century and its head is Rome. ARCHITECTURE
Renaissance architecture used the classical orders (Ionic, Corinthian and Doric), combining them together in a same type of construction, but not as they appear in Greco-Roman architecture, but under the inventive and originality of the Renaissance architect, so there is the style "colossal" unique to this architecture.
happen in this new architecture is given great importance to civil architecture, building Municipal Palaces, that look of strength, Palace Room, which is inventive Renaissance and presents in its exterior shape of a cube with three floors, culminating in a cornice, and the Villas, which were built on the outskirts of Rome, had large pavilions with terraces, stairways and courtyards, gardens and parks.
Renaissance religious architecture, used in plant outset of the Christian basilica, however, the center becomes more important for the use of the Dome, which moves to the warhead and has the famous Gothic portholes ( circular openings). Regarding the components, we find that the walls are of brick or masonry, with robust appearance, vaults used were those of "canonical n followed "," corner of the cloister "," edge "and" dome "used arches, the windows are be of various shapes: rectangular, twin (two arches divided in two), with ledge ledge, or in a tabernacle.
With respect to the decoration of architectural works, it is noted that several elements were used, these are: - Sculpture: covers the entire surface of the monuments as a thin mantle, the beginning and then package are made sculptures that adorn the architectural ensemble, then there is a profusion of it involving the entire linear array architecture.
- The Natural Polychrome: is the use of natural materials, which when combined reflect a variety of tones, for example, combined the white marble walls with stone walls.
- The Engraved: is to perform fine reliefs on the walls painted with two colors.
- The frescoes and mosaics, domes and walls fill the interior of the building, we used a variety of tones, which made them very conspicuous.
- The Pediments: Roman are inventive, almost always placed on doors and windows are generally straight but sometimes can be triangular or curvilinear. - The pilasters, columns that are placed adjacent to a wall. The pillars have their origins in Roman architecture.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTS - Italy: Filippo Brunelleschi, Donato Bramante da Urbino, Rafael Sanzio, Michelangelo Buonarroti.
- SPAIN: Siloam Diego, Juan Herrera.
- FRANCE: Salomon de Brosse. SCULPTURE
The origin of Renaissance sculpture dates back to the thirteenth century in Tuscany, with the sculptor Nicola Pisano, who is responsible for sculpting the pulpit of the Baptistery of the cathedral. This sculptor is the dare to externalize the break with Byzantine severity and artistic ideas of Gothic art, but his work is isolated.
is in the XIV and XV, which begins the period of greatest fury of Renaissance sculpture. At this time warns
Vehemencia for nature and natural idealized nude.
Expression of the senses and passions.
modernized reinterpretation of the classic canons. Subjects
different: mythology, religion, history, legends, etc.
Renaissance Sculpture is the first medium of expression which reacts against the Gothic style. This shows variations according to the century in which it operates. This is how the thirteenth century was called Archaic Period, the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Classical Period and the sixteenth century, the Baroque era.
CENTURY XIII. Archaic Age
arise early attempts of the new style works staged in the "Pisa", Nicola, Giovanni and Andrea Pisano. Among the features of these early works are:
Expressing feelings human.
inspiration in classical antiquity. Making
"Madonnas". Apparel and accessories
worked extensively.
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. CLASSICAL PERIOD
During these centuries there is extensive artwork. Artistic activity is centered in the city of Florence especially in the fifteenth century. Its main representatives are di Betto Bardi Donatello and Lorenzo Ghiberti. Furthermore, he stressed the importance in this century sculptural works of Della Robia, Andrea and Lucca. These sculptures, made and introduced a new form of sculpture, paintings, reliefs made polychrome terracotta and glazed.
The characteristics of this period are, among others: adorn monuments (grandstands, choirs, tombs, etc.).
thematic diversification.
painterly effect.
Great skill in the execution of works to reach perfection. SIGLO XVI. BAROQUE PERIOD
During this century the most remarkable figure is Michelangelo Buonarroti, who performed many works with their own characteristics that set it apart from other sculptors of the same period, also stands the work of Benvenuto Cellini, and others.
Among the main features of these works are:
Force expressive, dynamic, dramatic.
anatomical domain. Figures
filled with abundant vitality. Demonstration
gestures and attitudes in their figures. Strong classical influence.
Materials: bronze and marble preferably.
PAINT Paint Renaissance is full of religiosity, however, each artist seeks his own style, where the portrait and landscape representation are very important. During the Renaissance
different schools arise, they acquire the name of the city where they develop, among these are cited: Florentine School, the Venetian, that of Siena, Umbria, of Parma, Verona , Padua, the Carrara's Milany.
painters are also grouped, but for generations and we have those of the Quattrocento (1400) and the Cinquecento (1500). Another widely used classification to characterize the paintings of the Renaissance, which is:
Early Renaissance: the year ranging from 1420 to 1500 and whose most significant representatives are Fran Angé ; lic of Fiesole, Masaccio, Piero della Francesca and Sandro Botticelli, among many others, truly great paintings.
High Renaissance, which includes the period from 1500 until 1527, which highlighted the famous painters: Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci , Titian, Paolo Veronese, Tintoretto, Raphael, John Van Eyck, Albrecht Durer, Jean Cousin and Greco.
FEATURES
Renaissance painting is narrative: it exposes stories and events, real or fictitious, removed from the religion, history mitologíao.
is realistic human figures and animals, and inanimate objects are reproduced with great care because they appear in all their real models.
The table is presented as a scenario: a cubic space, suggested by the resources that teaches geometric newfound perspective and give the illusion deep. Point of view the painter is usually in the middle. The composition is subject to intellectual schemes, ie reasoned. Symmetrically generally preferred in the distribution of the figures.
As Favorite ended schemes, the triangular (with the top up or inverted) and the rectangular division of space into segments golden. In some cases, the triangles are two combined.
In general, it is a painting dibujística, which is based on defining and expressive power of the line, and sees the color as a accident matter of secondary importance. The forms are closed with a continuous line drawing and background separation is absolute.
preferential interest is given to the human body, particularly the nude, whose anatomy is studied and carefully copied. From the fifteenth century, will be used instead of hardening, the oil technique invented by Flemish painters, which will facilitate the development of easel painting.
DRAWING AND ENGRAVING The great Renaissance painters were cartoonists first. The notes, sketches and studies we are aware of Botticelli Durer, Michelangelo, da Vinci or Sanzio, who is noted for its majestic paintings, show great skill in handling the pen. The one that stands out as an artist is Leonardo da Vinci, as through drawing made famous anatomical studies. His drawing is full of fine features but firm, highlighting the human expressions.
However, technical drawing as independent, with a value in itself, was not considered at the time, being reduced to only an auxiliary means of painting, for fast note-taking natural or make studies of composition, perspective, movement, Anatomy and other aspects of the table was to be painted.
The techniques employed were used charcoal, chalk, pencil and ink on paper. But if the picture was not much interest to artists of the Renaissance, however the engraving, especially among the Germans was very cultivated and worked as an independent technique, parallel to the painting, in its two main forms: metal engraving (intaglio) and wood engraving (engraving), whose diffusion contributed The recent invention of printing in 1450.
- BAROQUE
This style began in Italy in the sixteenth century and lasted until the late eighteenth century, spread to all European countries, developing characteristics in each country. In this art there is a marked predilection for naturalism, dynamics and optical effects, there are still life compositions, still lifes, animals, lives of saints and of Christ, framed within asymmetric schemes. Representations of people or villagers appear with their normal clothes, but in pictures high social class are more ornate clothing, wigs, lace, stylish shoes, hats, etc., however, what most characterizes the Baroque painting is the handling of light and shadow , the dramatic intensity and use of color. In Italy there were two trends in painting, or styles: Eclectic and the Classic, in this country highlighted the figure of Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio; in France highlighted Nicolas Poussin, Georges de La Tour and Claude Lorrain Gelée, in Spain the Baroque becomes serious and formal, brilliantly represented by Diego Rodriguez de Silva y Velasquez, Francisco Zurbarán, José de Ribera and Bartolome Esteban Murillo. In the Netherlands the Baroque generated two schools: the Flemish, which had its heyday in the sixteenth century in Flanders and was represented by Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony Van Dyck and Jacob Jordanes, and the Netherlands, which produced a new style and had two important characters: Rembrandt H. Van Rijn, Jan Vermeer or Van der Meer of Delft.
This art developed between the seventeenth and eighteenth part of its point of departure was Italy, Rome, specifically, where grand monuments left in the order of architecture. From Italy came the rest of Europe and even reached Russia. Throughout Spain, the baroque spread across America and reaches its climax in the eighteenth century.
ARCHITECTURE: The two types of architectural work that develops the Baroque are the Church and the Palace. The church, as typically robust style has two side towers that frame the large domed lantern. The palace, which takes modeled after Versailles, is a large multi-storey building, whose central body contains the highest density of decorative elements and forms a facade of great artistic value. Essential elements of the baroque palace are the galleries, which are long halls, vaulted ceiling windows, and the ladder "to the imperial."
PAINTING: This art is a predilection for naturalism, dynamics and optical effects, there are compositions of still life, still lifes, animals, lives of saints and of Christ, framed within asymmetric schemes. Representations of people or ordinary people with their costumes appear normal, but the portraits of high social class are more ornate the costumes, wigs, lace, stylish shoes, hats, etc., however, what most characterizes the Baroque painting is the handling of light and shadow, dramatic intensity and the use of color. In Italy there were two trends in painting, or styles: Eclectic and the Classic, in this country highlighted the figure of Michelangelo Merisi Caravaggio; in France highlighted Nicolas Poussin, Georges de La Tour and Claude Lorrain Gelée, in Spain the Baroque becomes serious and formal, brilliantly represented by Diego Rodriguez de Silva, Vel & # 225; Velasquez, Francisco Zurbarán, José de Ribera and Bartolome Esteban Murillo. In the Netherlands the Baroque generated two schools: the Flemish, which had its heyday in the sixteenth century in Flanders and was represented by Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony Van Dyck and Jacob Jordanes, and the Netherlands, which produced a new style and had two important characters: Rembrandt H. Van Rijn, Jan Vermeer or Van der Meer of Delft.
SCULPTURE: Baroque sculpture shows the following characteristics: MOVEMENT: the figures are represented in some violent action and attitudes of effort and tension. The clothes are also part of agitacióny wrinkle into folds that flutter as shaken by the wind.
pathetic like the expression of emotional moods such as ecstasy, fear, anxiety, etc., Translate the faces with the most lively verismo.
CHIAROSCURO: is looking for specific effects of the paint, so that bodies are perceived as being involved in a luminous atmosphere.
THEATRICALITY: there is a propensity for exaggeration and eloquent attitudes that make it a drama.
-
Rococo style characteristic of eighteenth-century Europe, which succeeded the baroque and neoclassical preceded. The term comes from the French Rocaille, designating in the seventeenth century the decoration of the grottoes and gardens based Renaissance shells. The Rococo flourished mainly in France, initially with the baroque up to owning his own language that spread throughout Europe. While retaining its rigid architecture of classical origin of rococo decorative elements fantasíay brought elegance to the buildings, but it was mainly in the interiors where Rococo got the greatest achievements.
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